The Promise and Peril of the High Seas: Zimbabweans and the Cruise Ship Dream
HARARE, Zimbabwe
– In a nation besieged by persistent economic instability, soaring unemployment, and a chronic shortage of opportunities, the gleaming image of a luxury cruise ship has morphed into a powerful beacon of hope for thousands of young Zimbabweans. The promise of stable foreign currency earnings, the allure of international travel, and the prospect of building a better life for their families has fueled a quiet but significant exodus to the international cruise industry. However, beneath the polished decks and against the backdrop of azure seas, this dream often collides with a stark and sobering reality, revealing a landscape fraught with fraudulent recruitment, exploitative labour practices, and profound personal sacrifices. |
| The Promise and Peril of the High Seas |
This article delves into the complex phenomenon of Zimbabweans seeking employment on cruise ships, examining the dire economic drivers, the treacherous path to securing a job, the harrowing abuses faced at sea, and the starkly divergent outcomes for those who embark on this challenging journey – a path where some build wealth, while others return with little more than shattered health and diminished hope.
Zimbabwe's protracted economic crisis provides the primary, undeniable impetus for its citizens to seek opportunities abroad, and cruise ships, paradoxically, offer one of the most accessible avenues for foreign income.
* Crippling Unemployment: Official statistics often mask the true scale of joblessness, with youth unemployment rates estimated to be well over 60%. University graduates and skilled professionals routinely find themselves without work, or in informal jobs that offer precarious income.
* Currency Chaos and Hyperinflation: Decades of currency volatility, hyperinflation, and a constant erosion of purchasing power have made it nearly impossible for ordinary Zimbabweans to save, plan, or provide for their families. Earning in stable foreign currencies, particularly the US dollar, is not merely a preference but a survival strategy.
* Remittances as a National Lifeline: The Zimbabwean diaspora's remittances are a critical component of the national economy, sustaining countless families. Working on cruise ships is seen as a direct, albeit demanding, route to fulfilling this crucial role.
* Decimated Local Industries: Sectors like tourism and hospitality, which traditionally employed many, have been severely impacted by the economic downturn and the COVID-19 pandemic, further shrinking local job prospects. Cruise ship work, despite its hardships, offers an immediate pathway to relatively higher earnings.
Against this backdrop, the decision to pursue a cruise ship job is rarely about a wanderlust; it is a pragmatic, often desperate, move born from the fundamental need for economic sustenance and a desperate yearning for upward mobility.
Even before aspiring crew members set foot on a ship, the journey is fraught with danger, with many falling prey to a pervasive network of fraudulent recruitment agencies. These scams shamelessly exploit the desperation of job seekers, often with devastating consequences.
* Exaggerated Promises and False Hope: Unscrupulous agents advertise highly lucrative positions with inflated salaries, minimal requirements, and guaranteed placements, preying on the hopes and vulnerabilities of individuals with limited information. They paint a picture of effortless wealth and glamorous travel.
* Exorbitant Upfront Fees: Victims are coerced into paying substantial sums for "application fees," "processing fees," "mandatory training courses" (often fake or unnecessary), "medical clearances," "visa facilitation," or even "guaranteed interviews." These fees, frequently ranging from hundreds to thousands of US dollars, often represent a family's entire life savings, money borrowed at high interest, or even proceeds from selling precious assets like livestock, land, or cars.
* Fake Documentation and Disappearing Acts: After collecting the money, these agencies typically provide counterfeit contracts, fake booking confirmations, or simply vanish without a trace, leaving job seekers with no job, no money, and profound psychological trauma. Many discover the deception only after travelling long distances or arriving at a non-existent recruitment centre. The International Transport Workers' Federation (ITF) has consistently highlighted such fraudulent recruiters globally, warning that workers from developing nations, including Zimbabwe, are particularly vulnerable targets.
* Lack of Regulation and Oversight: The informal and often unregulated nature of some recruitment processes in Zimbabwe, combined with insufficient government oversight and weak enforcement mechanisms, allows these fraudulent operations to proliferate. Victims often have little to no legal recourse, exacerbating their sense of helplessness.
For those who miraculously navigate the recruitment minefield, the challenges often continue, and sometimes intensify, once they are on board. The dream of exotic travel quickly dissipates, replaced by the unyielding demands and isolating reality of the industry.
* The Relentless Grind: "Overworking is the Norm": This is arguably the most universal and devastating complaint among Zimbabwean crew members. They consistently report working 12 to 14 hours a day, seven days a week, for contracts lasting between six and ten months, often without a single day off. While the Maritime Labour Convention (MLC, 2006) mandates minimum rest periods, cruise lines often interpret these loosely, leading to a constant state of exhaustion. "You clock out on paper, but you're still working," explained one former Zimbabwean waiter, highlighting the discrepancy between documented and actual work hours. This chronic fatigue significantly increases the risk of accidents and injuries.
* Low Base Pay & The Tipping Maze: While total earnings (including tips) can indeed be significantly higher than local Zimbabwean wages, the *base salaries* for many entry-level positions (e.g., housekeepers, assistant waiters, utility staff) are shockingly low, sometimes as little as $500-$700 USD per month. Income heavily relies on passenger tips (gratuities), which are not guaranteed and can fluctuate wildly. Even when "service charges" are added to passenger bills, the distribution to crew is often opaque and not always fair. This reliance on tips, combined with low base pay, means workers are financially vulnerable and heavily incentive to prioritise pleasing passengers, even at their own expense.
* Substandard Living Conditions: Crew cabins are typically small, windowless, shared (often with bunk beds), and located on the lower decks, often directly above noisy engine rooms. Privacy is a luxury rarely afforded. These cramped and often poorly ventilated conditions, coupled with long work hours, leave little personal space or time for rest and recuperation, exacerbating feelings of claustrophobia and isolation. Food provided to crew, while free, is often basic, repetitive, and may not cater to diverse cultural or dietary needs.
* Inadequate Medical Care and Mental Health Crisis: While ships have medical facilities, they are primarily designed for passengers. Crew medical centers can be understaffed, under-equipped, and are frequently perceived as prioritising company interests over worker well-being. Crew members often report high costs for necessary treatment, pressure to return to work quickly, and a lack of privacy. The cumulative effect of isolation, relentless work, lack of privacy, and constant pressure takes a severe toll on mental well-being. Rates of stress, anxiety, depression, and even suicide attempts are reportedly higher among seafarers globally, a reality keenly felt by Zimbabwean crew members due to additional pressures from home. Access to independent, confidential mental health professionals is often limited or non-existent.
* Disconnection and Limited Freedom: Crew members are often restricted from disembarking in ports without specific permission from their superiors, severely limiting their experience of "travelling the world" to fleeting glimpses. Communication with family back home is expensive (for onboard internet access) and often limited to short windows, deepening the sense of disconnection and loneliness.
The Economic Imperative: A Desperate Search for Survival
Zimbabwe's protracted economic crisis provides the primary, undeniable impetus for its citizens to seek opportunities abroad, and cruise ships, paradoxically, offer one of the most accessible avenues for foreign income.
* Crippling Unemployment: Official statistics often mask the true scale of joblessness, with youth unemployment rates estimated to be well over 60%. University graduates and skilled professionals routinely find themselves without work, or in informal jobs that offer precarious income.
* Currency Chaos and Hyperinflation: Decades of currency volatility, hyperinflation, and a constant erosion of purchasing power have made it nearly impossible for ordinary Zimbabweans to save, plan, or provide for their families. Earning in stable foreign currencies, particularly the US dollar, is not merely a preference but a survival strategy.
* Remittances as a National Lifeline: The Zimbabwean diaspora's remittances are a critical component of the national economy, sustaining countless families. Working on cruise ships is seen as a direct, albeit demanding, route to fulfilling this crucial role.
* Decimated Local Industries: Sectors like tourism and hospitality, which traditionally employed many, have been severely impacted by the economic downturn and the COVID-19 pandemic, further shrinking local job prospects. Cruise ship work, despite its hardships, offers an immediate pathway to relatively higher earnings.
Against this backdrop, the decision to pursue a cruise ship job is rarely about a wanderlust; it is a pragmatic, often desperate, move born from the fundamental need for economic sustenance and a desperate yearning for upward mobility.
The Treacherous Shores: Navigating Fake Agencies and Recruitment Scams
Even before aspiring crew members set foot on a ship, the journey is fraught with danger, with many falling prey to a pervasive network of fraudulent recruitment agencies. These scams shamelessly exploit the desperation of job seekers, often with devastating consequences.
* Exaggerated Promises and False Hope: Unscrupulous agents advertise highly lucrative positions with inflated salaries, minimal requirements, and guaranteed placements, preying on the hopes and vulnerabilities of individuals with limited information. They paint a picture of effortless wealth and glamorous travel.
* Exorbitant Upfront Fees: Victims are coerced into paying substantial sums for "application fees," "processing fees," "mandatory training courses" (often fake or unnecessary), "medical clearances," "visa facilitation," or even "guaranteed interviews." These fees, frequently ranging from hundreds to thousands of US dollars, often represent a family's entire life savings, money borrowed at high interest, or even proceeds from selling precious assets like livestock, land, or cars.
* Fake Documentation and Disappearing Acts: After collecting the money, these agencies typically provide counterfeit contracts, fake booking confirmations, or simply vanish without a trace, leaving job seekers with no job, no money, and profound psychological trauma. Many discover the deception only after travelling long distances or arriving at a non-existent recruitment centre. The International Transport Workers' Federation (ITF) has consistently highlighted such fraudulent recruiters globally, warning that workers from developing nations, including Zimbabwe, are particularly vulnerable targets.
* Lack of Regulation and Oversight: The informal and often unregulated nature of some recruitment processes in Zimbabwe, combined with insufficient government oversight and weak enforcement mechanisms, allows these fraudulent operations to proliferate. Victims often have little to no legal recourse, exacerbating their sense of helplessness.
Beneath the Glimmering Decks: The Abuses and Harsh Realities at Sea
For those who miraculously navigate the recruitment minefield, the challenges often continue, and sometimes intensify, once they are on board. The dream of exotic travel quickly dissipates, replaced by the unyielding demands and isolating reality of the industry.
* The Relentless Grind: "Overworking is the Norm": This is arguably the most universal and devastating complaint among Zimbabwean crew members. They consistently report working 12 to 14 hours a day, seven days a week, for contracts lasting between six and ten months, often without a single day off. While the Maritime Labour Convention (MLC, 2006) mandates minimum rest periods, cruise lines often interpret these loosely, leading to a constant state of exhaustion. "You clock out on paper, but you're still working," explained one former Zimbabwean waiter, highlighting the discrepancy between documented and actual work hours. This chronic fatigue significantly increases the risk of accidents and injuries.
* Low Base Pay & The Tipping Maze: While total earnings (including tips) can indeed be significantly higher than local Zimbabwean wages, the *base salaries* for many entry-level positions (e.g., housekeepers, assistant waiters, utility staff) are shockingly low, sometimes as little as $500-$700 USD per month. Income heavily relies on passenger tips (gratuities), which are not guaranteed and can fluctuate wildly. Even when "service charges" are added to passenger bills, the distribution to crew is often opaque and not always fair. This reliance on tips, combined with low base pay, means workers are financially vulnerable and heavily incentive to prioritise pleasing passengers, even at their own expense.
* Substandard Living Conditions: Crew cabins are typically small, windowless, shared (often with bunk beds), and located on the lower decks, often directly above noisy engine rooms. Privacy is a luxury rarely afforded. These cramped and often poorly ventilated conditions, coupled with long work hours, leave little personal space or time for rest and recuperation, exacerbating feelings of claustrophobia and isolation. Food provided to crew, while free, is often basic, repetitive, and may not cater to diverse cultural or dietary needs.
* Inadequate Medical Care and Mental Health Crisis: While ships have medical facilities, they are primarily designed for passengers. Crew medical centers can be understaffed, under-equipped, and are frequently perceived as prioritising company interests over worker well-being. Crew members often report high costs for necessary treatment, pressure to return to work quickly, and a lack of privacy. The cumulative effect of isolation, relentless work, lack of privacy, and constant pressure takes a severe toll on mental well-being. Rates of stress, anxiety, depression, and even suicide attempts are reportedly higher among seafarers globally, a reality keenly felt by Zimbabwean crew members due to additional pressures from home. Access to independent, confidential mental health professionals is often limited or non-existent.
* Disconnection and Limited Freedom: Crew members are often restricted from disembarking in ports without specific permission from their superiors, severely limiting their experience of "travelling the world" to fleeting glimpses. Communication with family back home is expensive (for onboard internet access) and often limited to short windows, deepening the sense of disconnection and loneliness.
Abuse and Harassment: As highlighted in broader reports on cruise ship labour, crew members, especially women, are vulnerable to verbal abuse, bullying, and sexual harassment from superiors, colleagues, or even passengers. Fear of job termination or blacklisting often prevents victims from reporting incidents, leaving them feeling powerless and unprotected, especially given the complex jurisdictional issues of international waters and "flags of convenience."
The question of whether working on a cruise ship is "worth it" elicits deeply contrasting answers, illustrating the starkly divergent outcomes for Zimbabweans who embark on this challenging journey.
The Victors: Building a Legacy, Brick by Brick
For a significant number, the cruise ship dream *does* materialise into tangible benefits, a testament to immense personal discipline and sacrifice. The relatively high foreign currency earnings, when diligently saved and managed, can be truly transformative:
* Property Ownership: Many use their earnings to buy land and build multi-room houses in urban or peri-urban areas, providing crucial housing security for their families and a significant asset in a country with high real estate values. "I built my mother a six-roomed house in three contracts," proudly shared a former chef.
* Education and Family Support: Crew members often become the primary, if not sole, breadwinners, funding the education of siblings, children, and even extended family members through university or private schools, lifting entire households out of inter generational poverty.
* Entrepreneurial Ventures: Some meticulously save enough to start viable small businesses back home – ranging from tuck shops and grocery stores to barbershops, taxi services, poultry farms, or even more formal enterprises. These investments aim to create sustainable income streams for their eventual return to Zimbabwe.
* Skills and Global Exposure: Beyond money, some gain invaluable international hospitality experience, language skills, and a broadened worldview that can lead to better opportunities on land, either in Zimbabwe's recovering tourism sector or even abroad.
These individuals demonstrate extraordinary resilience, sacrifice their youth and immediate personal comfort, and often adhere to strict financial discipline, driven by a clear vision for their family's future.
The Vanquished: Empty Pockets and a Bleak Tomorrow
However, an equally significant number of Zimbabweans return from their contracts with little to show for their arduous work, facing a harsh reality upon their return, often compounded by health issues.
* Financial Mismanagement and Intense Family Pressure: The sudden access to relatively large sums of money can be overwhelming for those without financial literacy. Moreover, the strong cultural expectation of *Ubuntu* (communal responsibility) means many face immense pressure from extended family for financial assistance. Denying these requests can lead to social ostracization or accusations of selfishness. This pressure often makes it incredibly difficult to save or invest wisely, as earnings are quickly distributed.
* Failed Investments and Local Scams: The volatile Zimbabwean economy presents high risks for investments. Many struggle with poor financial literacy, making hasty or ill-informed investment choices, or falling victim to local "deals" that turn out to be scams (e.g., buying a car for a taxi service that quickly breaks down, investing in non-existent ventures), wiping out years of hard-earned savings.
* Impulse Spending and "Showing Off": For some, the high-stress, isolating environment onboard can lead to impulse spending on expensive gadgets, duty-free items, or lavish parties upon return to "show off" their success, rather than prudent saving or investing. This short-term gratification often depletes earnings rapidly.
* Debt Cycle: Some arrive at the ship with pre-existing debts (from recruitment fees, family obligations) and spend their initial earnings simply paying these off, delaying any personal savings.
* The Looming Retirement Crisis: A Ticking Time Bomb: This is perhaps the most critical and often overlooked long-term consequence. Many Zimbabwean crew members spend decades working for cruise lines, often in physically demanding, back-breaking roles. Because they are typically employed under "flags of convenience" and often do not contribute to a national pension scheme in their home country while working abroad, they return with no formal pension or social security benefits. As they age, their bodies can no longer endure the rigours of cruise ship life, leaving them with nothing but their personal savings (if any) and whatever assets they managed to acquire. The prospect of an impoverished old age, after a lifetime of hard labour, is a terrifying and imminent reality for many of these "retired" seafarers, who are left with no safety net.
The significant rise of Zimbabweans in the cruise ship industry highlights a complex interplay of economic desperation, global labour demands, and profound human vulnerability. Addressing the abuses and ensuring a fairer, more sustainable deal for these essential workers requires a multi-faceted and urgent approach:
* Government Oversight and Regulation: The Zimbabwean government must enact and rigorously enforce legislation to regulate recruitment agencies, establish clear guidelines for ethical recruitment practices, and create robust mechanisms for reporting and prosecuting fraudulent operators. This includes prosecuting those behind the many Facebook and WhatsApp recruitment scams targeting desperate job seekers.
* Comprehensive Worker Education: Aspiring crew members need mandatory, comprehensive pre-departure training covering contractual terms, their rights under the Maritime Labour Convention (MLC, 2006), financial literacy, stress management, and mental health coping strategies. They need to understand the true cost of working on a cruise ship.
* International Advocacy and Enforcement: International bodies, labour unions like the ITF, and human rights organisations must continue to advocate for stricter enforcement of the MLC, better working conditions, fair wages that reflect hours worked, and accessible, independent grievance procedures for all cruise ship workers, regardless of their nationality.
* Cruise Line Accountability: Cruise companies have a profound moral and ethical obligation to ensure humane working conditions, provide adequate medical and mental health support (including culturally sensitive and confidential counselings), and explore options for pension contributions or better long-term financial planning for their long-serving crew. Their profits should not be built on exploitation.
* Diaspora and Local Support Networks: Establishing formal and informal networks among Zimbabwean cruise ship workers can provide invaluable peer support, share information on legitimate agencies, offer financial advice, and act as a collective voice for change and advocacy.
* Consumer Awareness and Ethical Choices: Empowering passengers to demand ethical labour practices from the cruise lines they patronise can create market pressure for change. Informed consumers can choose companies with transparent and fair labour practices.
For countless Zimbabweans, the journey to a cruise ship is a high-stakes gamble against an unforgiving economic reality. While some emerge triumphant, having built a foundation for their families' future, many others face exploitation, abuse, profound mental and physical health challenges, and the bitter disappointment of returning with little to show for years of grueling sacrifice. The glittering cruise industry, valued in billions, thrives on the relentless labour and often unspoken suffering of individuals from nations like Zimbabwe.
It is a stark reminder that the dream of escape and prosperity should not come at the cost of basic human dignity, health, and financial security. As these ships continue to sail, carrying both passengers seeking leisure and crew members chasing survival, there is an urgent and ethical imperative for greater transparency, stronger protections, and a collective commitment to ensuring that the true price of paradise is not paid in human suffering and a future devoid of hope for those who make it possible.
The Double-Edged Sword: Is It Worth It? The Divergent Paths
The question of whether working on a cruise ship is "worth it" elicits deeply contrasting answers, illustrating the starkly divergent outcomes for Zimbabweans who embark on this challenging journey.
The Victors: Building a Legacy, Brick by Brick
For a significant number, the cruise ship dream *does* materialise into tangible benefits, a testament to immense personal discipline and sacrifice. The relatively high foreign currency earnings, when diligently saved and managed, can be truly transformative:
* Property Ownership: Many use their earnings to buy land and build multi-room houses in urban or peri-urban areas, providing crucial housing security for their families and a significant asset in a country with high real estate values. "I built my mother a six-roomed house in three contracts," proudly shared a former chef.
* Education and Family Support: Crew members often become the primary, if not sole, breadwinners, funding the education of siblings, children, and even extended family members through university or private schools, lifting entire households out of inter generational poverty.
* Entrepreneurial Ventures: Some meticulously save enough to start viable small businesses back home – ranging from tuck shops and grocery stores to barbershops, taxi services, poultry farms, or even more formal enterprises. These investments aim to create sustainable income streams for their eventual return to Zimbabwe.
* Skills and Global Exposure: Beyond money, some gain invaluable international hospitality experience, language skills, and a broadened worldview that can lead to better opportunities on land, either in Zimbabwe's recovering tourism sector or even abroad.
These individuals demonstrate extraordinary resilience, sacrifice their youth and immediate personal comfort, and often adhere to strict financial discipline, driven by a clear vision for their family's future.
The Vanquished: Empty Pockets and a Bleak Tomorrow
However, an equally significant number of Zimbabweans return from their contracts with little to show for their arduous work, facing a harsh reality upon their return, often compounded by health issues.
* Financial Mismanagement and Intense Family Pressure: The sudden access to relatively large sums of money can be overwhelming for those without financial literacy. Moreover, the strong cultural expectation of *Ubuntu* (communal responsibility) means many face immense pressure from extended family for financial assistance. Denying these requests can lead to social ostracization or accusations of selfishness. This pressure often makes it incredibly difficult to save or invest wisely, as earnings are quickly distributed.
* Failed Investments and Local Scams: The volatile Zimbabwean economy presents high risks for investments. Many struggle with poor financial literacy, making hasty or ill-informed investment choices, or falling victim to local "deals" that turn out to be scams (e.g., buying a car for a taxi service that quickly breaks down, investing in non-existent ventures), wiping out years of hard-earned savings.
* Impulse Spending and "Showing Off": For some, the high-stress, isolating environment onboard can lead to impulse spending on expensive gadgets, duty-free items, or lavish parties upon return to "show off" their success, rather than prudent saving or investing. This short-term gratification often depletes earnings rapidly.
* Debt Cycle: Some arrive at the ship with pre-existing debts (from recruitment fees, family obligations) and spend their initial earnings simply paying these off, delaying any personal savings.
* The Looming Retirement Crisis: A Ticking Time Bomb: This is perhaps the most critical and often overlooked long-term consequence. Many Zimbabwean crew members spend decades working for cruise lines, often in physically demanding, back-breaking roles. Because they are typically employed under "flags of convenience" and often do not contribute to a national pension scheme in their home country while working abroad, they return with no formal pension or social security benefits. As they age, their bodies can no longer endure the rigours of cruise ship life, leaving them with nothing but their personal savings (if any) and whatever assets they managed to acquire. The prospect of an impoverished old age, after a lifetime of hard labour, is a terrifying and imminent reality for many of these "retired" seafarers, who are left with no safety net.
A Call for Transparency, Protection, and Sustainable Support
The significant rise of Zimbabweans in the cruise ship industry highlights a complex interplay of economic desperation, global labour demands, and profound human vulnerability. Addressing the abuses and ensuring a fairer, more sustainable deal for these essential workers requires a multi-faceted and urgent approach:
* Government Oversight and Regulation: The Zimbabwean government must enact and rigorously enforce legislation to regulate recruitment agencies, establish clear guidelines for ethical recruitment practices, and create robust mechanisms for reporting and prosecuting fraudulent operators. This includes prosecuting those behind the many Facebook and WhatsApp recruitment scams targeting desperate job seekers.
* Comprehensive Worker Education: Aspiring crew members need mandatory, comprehensive pre-departure training covering contractual terms, their rights under the Maritime Labour Convention (MLC, 2006), financial literacy, stress management, and mental health coping strategies. They need to understand the true cost of working on a cruise ship.
* International Advocacy and Enforcement: International bodies, labour unions like the ITF, and human rights organisations must continue to advocate for stricter enforcement of the MLC, better working conditions, fair wages that reflect hours worked, and accessible, independent grievance procedures for all cruise ship workers, regardless of their nationality.
* Cruise Line Accountability: Cruise companies have a profound moral and ethical obligation to ensure humane working conditions, provide adequate medical and mental health support (including culturally sensitive and confidential counselings), and explore options for pension contributions or better long-term financial planning for their long-serving crew. Their profits should not be built on exploitation.
* Diaspora and Local Support Networks: Establishing formal and informal networks among Zimbabwean cruise ship workers can provide invaluable peer support, share information on legitimate agencies, offer financial advice, and act as a collective voice for change and advocacy.
* Consumer Awareness and Ethical Choices: Empowering passengers to demand ethical labour practices from the cruise lines they patronise can create market pressure for change. Informed consumers can choose companies with transparent and fair labour practices.
The True Price of Paradise, Paid in Zimbabwean Lives
For countless Zimbabweans, the journey to a cruise ship is a high-stakes gamble against an unforgiving economic reality. While some emerge triumphant, having built a foundation for their families' future, many others face exploitation, abuse, profound mental and physical health challenges, and the bitter disappointment of returning with little to show for years of grueling sacrifice. The glittering cruise industry, valued in billions, thrives on the relentless labour and often unspoken suffering of individuals from nations like Zimbabwe.
It is a stark reminder that the dream of escape and prosperity should not come at the cost of basic human dignity, health, and financial security. As these ships continue to sail, carrying both passengers seeking leisure and crew members chasing survival, there is an urgent and ethical imperative for greater transparency, stronger protections, and a collective commitment to ensuring that the true price of paradise is not paid in human suffering and a future devoid of hope for those who make it possible.
Adverts Here
Adverts Here
Welcome To Cathrine James's Blog: Cathrine James is one of Zimbabwe’s top female marketers, with an impressive career and invaluable experience from the Marketers Association of Zimbabwe (MAZ).
Contact Us through the Chat with WhatsApp widget below.
.jpg "Sona Solar Zimbabwe")
